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Preface

With the widespread use and development of Internet technology, more and more fields are inseparable from the application of the Internet. As our country’s Premier Li Keqiang first formally proposed the “Internet +” action plan in the government work report in 2015, our country’s Internet technology and applications have made great progress. The Internet has penetrated into all aspects of people’s daily lives. For example, buying a house and renting a house realizes online viewing and online signing; The establishment of a company can be handled remotely through the Internet; Payment can almost replace cash transactions; face recognition can be used to carry out various businesses that require identity verification and so on. Then, in terms of legal practice, what kind of changes the development of Internet technology has brought about, and what problems still need to be paid attention to in practical applications, this article starts from the author's practical experience and briefly analyzes and discusses the above content.

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In terms of legal practice, Internet technology has brought about many new changes. For example, in recent years, Hangzhou, Beijing, and Guangzhou have successively set up Internet courts to hear specific types of Internet cases, and realize the filing, opening of courts, proof, trial, and enforcement. All legal procedures are conducted online (offline for special needs); trial and mediation of cases through online court sessions reduces the traffic and time costs of the parties, and reduces the flow of personnel; the payment of litigation fees is no longer only through the court window or bank counter. They can be completed by remittance through the website account or scanning the QR code through WeChat; legal documents can be delivered through the court trial system, email, mobile phone text message, WeChat official account, etc., and they no longer have to be mailed or receive a paper text... It not only improves the efficiency of legal work, but also saves costs and resources. In the following, based on my own practical experience and feelings in legal work, the author will briefly analyze the main changes and existing problems brought about by the development of Internet technology to legal practice as follows:

I.      The Establishment and Operation of the Internet Court

(1) The establishment of Internet courts in our country

The establishment of Internet courts is an important achievement of technological progress on legal practice. As of August 31, 2020, Internet courts in our country have accepted more than 220,000 cases, with an online trial rate of 98.9%, an average of the trial duration was 29 minutes. Among them, the Hangzhou Internet Court accepted 51,882 cases, closed 48,227, the online case filing rate was 98.2%, the online trial rate was 96.7%, and the average trial duration was 32 minutes; the Beijing Internet Court accepted 73,095 cases and closed 62,887 cases. The online case filing rate was 100%, the online trial rate was 99.8%, and the average trial time was 33 minutes; the Guangzhou Internet Court accepted 97,496 cases, and 83,583 were closed. The online case filing rate was 99.9%, the online trial rate was 99.8%, and the average trial time was 21 minutes. [1] It can be seen from the above data that Internet courts mainly conduct court trials online, and the trial market is about half an hour, which not only reduces the litigation travel costs of the parties, but also greatly saves trial time compared with traditional offline court trials. Currently, there are three internet courts in Hangzhou, Beijing, and Guangzhou, each with its own characteristics, including:

1.      Hangzhou Internet Court

Hangzhou Internet Court is the first Internet court in my country. On June 26, 2017, the 36th meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms deliberated and approved the "Plan on Establishing Hangzhou Internet Courts", clarifying the establishment of Hangzhou Internet Courts, and emphasizing that the establishment of Hangzhou Internet Courts is an active judicial adaptation and a major institutional innovation in the general trend of Internet development. [2] On August 18, 2017, the Hangzhou Internet Court was formally established, focusing on six types of first-instance civil and administrative cases involving the Internet that have jurisdiction by the grassroots people’s courts within the jurisdiction of Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province [3], opening a Chinese Internet case a new chapter in centralized jurisdiction and professional trials. [4] The author believes that the establishment of the first Internet court in Hangzhou is closely related to the rise and popularization of the Internet economy. The Jiangsu-Zhejiang area has always been a region where economic exchanges prevail, and a large number of Internet companies have gathered, many of which include well-known companies such as Netease, Alibaba, Taobao, Alipay, and Tmall. E-commerce has developed; consequently, more disputes have occurred. The need for justice in this area is relatively high. Because Internet transactions are often professional, there are many differences from traditional transactions (for example: the payment method is not a simple one-to-one payment in person, the delivery method is usually express delivery rather than in-person delivery, transaction records are usually through chat software and other electronic forms, etc.), in addition to the large number of transactions and disputes, the professional requirements and efficiency of the judges are required to be high, and it is difficult to rely on the original staffing and trial thinking to match the current status of the Internet economy and future development. Therefore, setting up a dedicated Internet court and increasing the degree of specialization are of great significance to the current situation and future development.

In addition, Hangzhou has started to deploy a new trial model of "Internet + Trial" since 2015, and launched the "Zhejiang Court E-commerce Online Court", which has already practiced online court hearings, evidence, and statements. [5] Therefore, Hangzhou, which has a high incidence of Internet economic exchanges and disputes and has practical experience as the starting place for Internet courts, is improved through practical experience and gradually promoted to the whole country. It is the correct historical choice, and it is also related to the trial of the Internet by the People’s Court of our country. Important progress in the case. 2. The Beijing Internet Court was established on September 9, 2018. It has centralized jurisdiction over specific types of Internet cases that should be accepted by the basic-level people’s courts within Beijing’s jurisdiction.[6] The idea is to realize online litigation links such as case prosecution, mediation, case filing, service, court hearing, judgment, execution, and appeal through the whole-process integrated online service platform.[7]On June 27, 2019, the Beijing Internet Court Litigation Service Platform "Online Smart Litigation Service Center" was officially launched, and the "AI Virtual Judge" provided online litigation services-this is the world's first artificial intelligence synthetic judge. Judge Liu Shuhan, the person in charge of the Second Comprehensive Trial Chamber of Beijing Internet Court, is based on the prototype. It uses virtual technology to synthesize and present a 3D form. It adopts a question-and-answer model to make the online appeal service more pertinent. [8] The Beijing Internet Court led by the National Information Security Development Research Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Baidu and other leading domestic block-chain industry companies to build a distinctive and professional electronic evidence platform-Tianping Chain, which achieved full-process recording of electronic data, full-link credibility, full-node witness. [9] The Beijing Internet Court preserved the litigation documents and evidence uploaded by the parties by using the feature of block-chain that is difficult to tamper with, and cooperated with the Beijing High Court, Judicial Expertise Center, Notary Office, and industry organizations, large central enterprises, large financial institutions, reliable units such as large-scale Internet platforms act as nodes [10] To provide a strong guarantee for litigation security and the authenticity of evidence. According to the announcement on the official website of the Beijing Internet Court, the first-level node units (participating in the balance chain consensus, data verification and recording) include: Beijing Higher People's Court, Beijing Internet Court, Beijing Fangyuan Notary Office, and National Information Center for electronic data judicial appraisal Center, Beijing Zhonghai Yixin Judicial Appraisal Office, Beijing Chang'an Notary Public Office, Biaoxin Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Judicial Appraisal Office, National Industrial Information Security Development Research Center Judicial Appraisal Office, China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Central Enterprise Electronic Commerce Alliance , Beijing Guochuang Dingcheng Judicial Appraisal Office, Beijing Guoxin Notary Office, China Electronic Chamber of Commerce; secondary node units (do not participate in the balance chain consensus, only do data verification and recording) include: Beijing Trust Technology Co., Ltd., State Grid E-commerce Co., Ltd., China Petrochemical Corporation, Beijing Automotive Group Finance Co., Ltd., Xiamen Anne Co., Ltd., CITIC Wutong Port Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd., Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Tencent Cloud Computing (Beijing) limited liability company.

(The above screenshots are from the official website of Beijing Internet Court)

At the beginning of the establishment of the Beijing Internet Court, the author was fortunate to be able to register for an on-site visit to the Beijing Internet Court. The Beijing Internet Court is located at No. 2 Court, Automobile Museum East Road, Fengtai District, Beijing. The internal facilities were visited and introduced. Among them, the more profound memories include: 1. Regarding evidence collection, taking online shopping as an example, you can obtain transaction records, chat records and other information in the shopping software through direct docking with third-party shopping software. And it is stored in the court system and cannot be tampered with, which avoids the use of screenshots and notarization in the past to provide evidence, reduces the party’s proof cost, and improves the efficiency and reliability of proof; 2. The trial was completed through online video (the new crown epidemic had not yet occurred at the time. Cases tried online are extremely limited). The guide led the visitors to observe a court hearing. The auditorium was outside the courtroom. The judge was alone in the courtroom. The trial process was broadcasted on a TV screen. The judge and both parties participated in the court hearing through online video. Even if the auditorium has no direct contact with the parties or judges, it is still necessary to observe the court order such as not being able to leave halfway;

2.       The case filing hall is different from other courts.

The case filing windows for submitting paper materials are all completed by computers, with staff to provide guidance, and a mobile and dialogue robot to provide guidance; 4. About the service of Internet courts in cooperation with the operator, you can directly pop up information from the background through the mobile phone. If the party receiving the information does not click to receive it, the mobile phone cannot be operated for other activities, which can ensure the delivery of the documents to a greater extent; 5. Visited the VR court hearing system , by wearing VR glasses to intuitively experience the court scene, this method has not been officially put into use at the time, but if it can be popularized, it will be another big improvement for remote court trials. The visit and study of the Internet court opened the author's new vision of legal work. From the traditional work experience, the work efficiency of the court has always been unpredictable and expected. The energy and cost required to receive and submit materials and participate in court trials are very high, even filing a case may need to go to the window several times to queue up, especially when the jurisdiction of the court and the location of the parties are not the same, the burden will be further increased. However, with the establishment and operation of Internet courts, more efficient and convenient legal work with the help of the Internet will inevitably be extended to other courts across the country step by step, and eventually become popular.

3.      The Guangzhou Internet Court was officially established on September 28, 2018.

It has centralized jurisdiction over 11 types of Internet cases that should be accepted by the basic people's courts within the jurisdiction of Guangzhou. [11][12] Guangzhou is a gathering area for the Internet industry across the country. The scale of the industry is close to 500 billion Yuan. Large-scale industries have brought a lot of disputes, and many of these disputes are similar cases. The Guangzhou Internet Court accepted 37,000 cases in the first year, of which 39.85% were financial loan contract disputes and small loan contract disputes. It can be said that the types are very concentrated, which means that more than 40 cases of the same type are handed over almost every day by 25 post judges,[13] if it is “one case, one handling”, it will consume a lot of judicial resources and generate a lot of unnecessary trial time. In response, the Guangzhou Internet Court has developed and launched the first online dispute "batch intelligent trial system for similar cases". This system can intelligently capture basic information and automatically "categorize" cases. When the court hears cases of the same type, it invites other similar cases. The parties to the case listened, prompting the parties to have a reasonable pre-judgment on the logic and results of the trial involved in the case, and promoted the settlement and mediation of a considerable number of cases. In addition, the Guangzhou Internet Court’s "Five Color Credit" evaluation system, "E Court" and other technical applications are also at the forefront of national trial practices.

II. Popularization of "cloud trial" and online case filing and payment

With the outbreak of the new crown pneumonia epidemic in 2020, in order to avoid the flow and gathering of people, offline trial work was once at a standstill, and the filing of the case was replaced by the on-site window filing. However, even if the trial work is stagnant, the number of cases and disputes will not decrease as a result. On the contrary, due to the impact of the epidemic and policies, many companies have broken their capital chains, leading to problems such as difficulty in paying wages on time and debts, resulting in more situations. Disputes need to be resolved in the courts, so the number of pending cases in the courts is always piled up. In the case of not only ensuring the prevention and control of the epidemic but also resolving disputes among the masses, the operating experience of the Internet courts has played a significant role at this time. Local courts have begun to gradually use the online system to realize the filing and trial of cases. For example, the Beijing Court launched the "Beijing Cloud Court". The parties can install apps on their mobile phones or computers and enter the trial site to participate in the trial after identification; the Guangzhou Court enters the trial after entering the trial code notified by the court through the designated website; Anhui Provincial Court Online mediation can be carried out through the mobile phone applet (the litigation function stops running after the epidemic situation improves slightly) and so on. All of the above online trial methods can realize real-time participation, file upload/download, signing of transcripts and other trial procedures. If you need to check the original evidence, you can apply for a separate review by the court, or apply for a joint offline review at an agreed time, avoiding personnel turnover. The resulting risk of spread of the epidemic also saved litigation travel and transportation costs, and reduced time consumption. In addition, the way of filing cases through electronic systems has gradually become popular. The parties can use computer or mobile phone mini programs to fill in the case information online, upload the procedures and evidence materials, and sign documents and submit them to the court after real-name registration. The court will complete the review and review within a certain time limit. Informed by SMS, if there is any information that needs to be corrected or supplemented, the reviewer will call to inform how to make the correction and upload it again, which is much more convenient than the previous need to go back and forth to the on-site window again and again. At the same time, the payment of litigation fees can also be done through the WeChat applet or electronic litigation platform, which also saves the trouble of having to go to the court window or bank counter to pay.

Ⅲ.Progressive promotion of electronic delivery

In addition to the Internet courts and online case filing/trial systems that provide convenience for parties to participate in court trials, another change brought about by the advancement of Internet technology is electronic service. Article 87 of the "Civil Procedure Law"[14] stipulates that with the consent of the person being served, the court can serve litigation documents other than judgments, mediation documents, and rulings by fax, e-mail, etc. The validity of electronic service is established by legal provisions. In fact, at the beginning of the implementation of electronic service, it did not receive much support. Taking the author’s team and law firm as examples, when filling in whether to agree to electronic service in each case, he would choose “No”. That is, it does not agree to be served electronically. Disapprove of electronic service is due to considering the possibility that the service information cannot be received, the other is that they are used to the way of receiving paper legal documents in the past. Therefore, in the early days when the courts vigorously promoted electronic service, they did not get recognition of many lawyers.

However, with the maturity and widespread use of online case filing and trial systems, and the courts will use various methods to make parties agree to electronic service (sometimes they may not know when and when they were made), plus more and more courts and arbitrators will set up work mailboxes to receive the parties’ case materials and save electronic documents more conveniently (eliminating the scanning step). The habits of legal workers are gradually changing. Today, they do not agree. The number of parties involved in electronic delivery has been significantly reduced, and electronic delivery will be carried out through various methods such as mobile phone text messages, electronic litigation platforms, and official accounts. The probability of missing information is not as high as expected.

IV.Others

The development of Internet technology has not only brought huge impacts and changes to the above-mentioned court-related work, but also facilitated legal workers and other parties in other aspects. It can be obtained by searching for keywords through a search engine, and can be directly downloaded, copied and pasted and printed; the publication of judgment documents can prompt the court to be more cautious in hearing cases, and it can also facilitate the public to understand the judicial practice of similar cases. The role of law popularization and guidance; you don’t need to go to the window of the administrative department for industry and commerce to inquire about the party’s industry and commerce information. You can use the unit’s “all-in-one card” to achieve remote inquiries, or you can find information across the city in one window, or through industrial and commercial information query software can query basic information (the accuracy is worse than window query, and there is lag); through the electronic litigation platform, not only can the case be filed and paid, but also functions such as message to judges and submission of case materials can be realized; paper scoring can also be done electronically storage, there is no need to spend high copying fees to copy in the relevant departments. There are too many to mention, these are the new aspects of legal work brought about by the development of science and technology, including Internet technology.

V. Thoughts on the further improvement of the use of Internet technology

Of course, in the process of technological innovation, we are constantly encountering and solving problems. The application of any new technology will inevitably be difficult to achieve "one-step completion". Only by continuous testing and continuous improvement in practice can we match actual needs. . I will briefly introduce the following more obvious aspects:

1.   About the network trial system:

Although the network trial system facilitates the parties’ participation in court trials and reduces travel costs, there is still room for improvement: Taking Beijing as an example, the author has encountered The "Beijing Cloud Court" system suffers from severe freezes during the trial process, the parties are unable to enter the trial after identification, and cannot submit transcripts and signatures after the trial, resulting in a trial with a simple legal relationship. After repeated debugging of the system, time may be possible. It took longer than the offline trial; even some of the parties failed to go online and could only access the trial site by telephone.

2. Regarding the network case filing system, the following problems often occur in the network case filing system:

 (1) When submitting the case filing materials, the format required by the system is PDF and pictures, but when recognizing pictures, sometimes the light is too dark to be recognized, which leads to suggestions. The filing materials failed, but the failure reason only showed "parameter error", and did not clearly indicate the possible reason or which part of the material has problems. The background technicians usually have a long time limit for resolution, which may cause the parties to spend a lot of extra time and energy.

(2) In terms of case filing and review, usually the window will review the materials on-site when filing a case, and directly issue a case acceptance notice after passing the test (except in special circumstances such as serious cases or too many cases), but the time limit for online case filing and review is usually longer. The specific time limit is related to local practice: for example, Beijing Municipality will notify that the materials have been registered by SMS on the day of submission, and the review can be completed within about a week; but in some places, there may be no information for a long time after submission, and the review may take one month or even longer .

(3) The case filing system does not match the court filing policy: The case filing system of the Hubei High Court has experienced very unreasonable circumstances. After the official small program of the Hubei Mobile Court successfully submitted the case filing materials (there is a prompt for successful submission), several months there was no information update, and the Hubei 12368 consultation hotline did not register the court's phone number. The phone number stated on the website could never be reached. In the end, it had to complain through the "President's Mailbox" to give feedback on the difficulties of filing a case over the past few months. The next day after the website left a message, I received a call from the case-filing court, telling that the case cannot be filed online, but it did not explain why the official software can inform the successful case. The author believes that this is the result of the inaccurate connection between the online case filing system and the court system, that is, the court filing policy has changed, but it is not unified with the functions of the online case filing system, and the appropriate contact information is not publicized on the official website. The litigants are tired of complaints, but it provides online complaints and feedback channels, which can provide more or less relief to the parties.

3. Regarding the sending of information.

In terms of sending information via SMS or email, there are situations where the parties are incomplete and inconsistent. For example, there are 3 parties in a case, and when the system sends documents or trial information, it is often only sent to some of the parties. The parties did not send all the information, resulting in some participants not seeing the information. If the participants did not actively communicate with each other, the delivery effect would be affected. And sometimes the person who receives different information in the same case is not necessarily the same. It is very likely that this one will be sent to A, the next one will be sent to A and B, and the next one will only be sent to C. It is not clear whether it is the operation information sent. The personnel are randomly selecting the subject of information, or there is a problem with the system. The author believes that it should be registered in accordance with the delivery information contained in the submitted delivery address confirmation, and it is safer for each piece of information to be automatically delivered to all entities.

Concluding Remarks

To sum up, the development of science and technology is gradually changing our daily lives. As legal workers, you can feel firsthand that the traditional working methods are gradually being replaced by the existing new methods, and the judiciary is more and more willing to accept and agree. The use of electronic methods to handle cases has changed the previous requirements that must be on-site and paper-based. Although there are still areas to be improved, from a macro perspective, it greatly improves the efficiency of legal work, reduces the costs of all parties, and makes it more convenient. Therefore, in the context of the vigorous advancement of "Internet +", it is hoped that all walks of life can make good use of new technologies to better integrate technology into life and service work.

[1] Data source: China Economic Net, released on September 24, 2020, https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1678674401557221940&wfr=spider&for=pc. [2] Baidu Baike, Hangzhou Internet Court, URL: https://baike.baidu.com/item/Hangzhou Internet Court/21501771?fr=aladdin

[3] According to the official website of Hangzhou Internet Court (Hangzhou Railway Transportation Court), the jurisdiction of the court includes: Internet-related cases: 1. Internet shopping, services, small financial loans and other contract disputes; 2. Internet copyright ownership, infringement disputes; 3. Use the Internet to infringe on the personality rights of others; 4. Internet shopping product liability infringement disputes; 5. Internet domain name disputes; 6. Administrative disputes caused by Internet administration. Intellectual property cases: except for patents and new plants in the jurisdictions of Jianggan District, Shangcheng District, Xiasha Economic and Technological Development Zone, Fuyang District, Lin'an City, Jiande City, Chun'an County, and Tonglu County, where the subject matter of litigation is less than RMB 5 million Varieties, integrated circuit layout designs, technical secrets, computer software, general intellectual property civil cases other than well-known trademark identification and monopoly disputes. Administrative cases: First-instance administrative litigation cases in which the people's governments at the two levels of Hangzhou city, district (county, county-level city) as the reconsideration agency acted as co-defendants and were originally under the jurisdiction of other basic-level people's courts. Civil cases: (1) Designated jurisdiction cases: First, civil cases occurred in the operation area of Hangzhou rail transit; Second, personal and property damage compensation disputes caused by road traffic accidents on the elevated roads of Hangzhou; Third, Hangzhou Transport contract disputes in urban areas (including Xiaoshan District, Yuhang District, and Economic and Technological Development Zone), etc. (2) Special jurisdiction cases: civil cases involving railway transportation, railway safety, and railway property. Criminal cases: criminal cases initiated by the railway transport procuratorate at the same level and related private prosecution cases initiated by private prosecutors.

[4] About the court, the official website of Hangzhou Internet Court (Hangzhou Railway Transportation Court), URL: 

http://hztl.zjcourt.cn/col/col1225177/index.html.

[5] In April 2015, the Zhejiang Higher People’s Court began to deploy a new model of "Internet + Trial". The three basic courts of West Lake, Binjiang, and Yuhang and the Hangzhou Intermediate People’s Court were used as pilot courts to hear online payment disputes and online payment disputes. Copyright disputes, online transaction disputes and their appeal cases. On May 28, 2015, the first case of Zhejiang Court's e-commerce online court opened-a buyer purchased canned nutritional products on Tmall, but he believed that these nutritional products exceeded the scope and used nutritional supplements in violation of regulations, and required the merchant to ‘if refund one and pay back ten times. During the hearing, both the plaintiff and the defendant provided evidence and statements through the Internet. Evidence such as chat records and product number was synchronized to the court through the Internet before the hearing, and the judge used a computer to review.

[6] According to the official website of the Beijing Internet Court, the jurisdiction of the court includes: (1) Disputes arising from the signing or performance of online shopping contracts through e-commerce platforms; (2) Internet services in which the signing and performance are all completed on the Internet Contract disputes; (3) Financial loan contract disputes and small loan contract disputes in which the signing and performance are all completed on the Internet; (4) Copyright or neighboring rights ownership disputes for works published for the first time on the Internet; (5) On the Internet Disputes arising from infringement of copyright or neighboring rights of works published or disseminated online; (6) Internet domain name ownership, infringement and contract disputes; (7) Disputes arising from infringement of the personal rights, property rights and other civil rights of others on the Internet; (8)Products purchased through e-commerce platforms have product liability disputes arising from product defects that infringe on the personal and property rights of others; (9) Internet public interest litigation cases filed by prosecutors; (10) Internet information services provided by administrative agencies administrative disputes arising from administrative actions such as management, Internet commodity trading, and related service management; (11) Other Internet civil and administrative cases designated by the people's court at a higher level.

[7] Introduction to Beijing Internet Court, the official website of Beijing Internet Court, September 9, 2018, reference date May 22, 2021, URL: https://www.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn/cac/zw/1535125700291.html.

[8] "AI Virtual Judge" appeared in Beijing Internet Court to file a lawsuit. Autonomous online operation, Voice of China, June 27, 2019, reference date May 22, 2021, URL: http://china.cnr.cn/gdgg/20190627/t20190627_524666709.shtml.

[9] Beijing Internet Court built an electronic evidence platform, Tianping Chain, with more than 1 million online evidence collection data in three months, China Court Network, December 22, 2018, cited date May 22, 2021, URL: https://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2018/12/id/3618145.shtml.

[10] Introduction to Tianping Chain, official website of Beijing Internet Court, cited date May 22, 2021, website: https://tpl.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn/tpl/.

[11] According to the official website of the Guangzhou Internet Court, the jurisdiction of the court includes: centralized jurisdiction over the following Internet-related cases where the basic people’s court within the jurisdiction of Guangzhou City has jurisdiction: (1) arising from signing or performing online shopping contracts through an e-commerce platform (2) Internet service contract disputes where the signing and performance are all completed on the Internet; (3) Financial loan contract disputes and small loan contract disputes where the signing and performance are all completed on the Internet; (4) On the Internet disputes over the copyright or related rights of works published on the Internet for the first time; (5) Disputes arising from infringement of the copyright or related rights of works published or disseminated online on the Internet; (6) Internet domain name ownership, infringement and contract disputes; (7) Disputes arising from the infringement of the personal rights and property rights of others on the Internet; (8) Product liability disputes arising from product defects purchased through e-commerce platforms that infringe on the personal and property rights of others; (9) Prosecution Internet public interest litigation cases filed by government agencies; (10) Administrative disputes arising from administrative actions such as Internet information service management, Internet commodity trading, and related service management by administrative agencies; (11) Other Internet civil and administrative jurisdictions designated by higher people’s courts case.

[12] Overview of the Court, the official website of the Guangzhou Internet Court, September 11, 2019, quoted on May 24, 2021, URL:

https://www.gzinternetcourt.gov.cn/#/ArticleDetail?type=Widemutual&title=About this court  

&apiType=courtSurvey&breadList=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&breadList=%5Bobject%20Object%5D.

[13] Data source: Guangzhou Internet Information Office, released on December 2, 2019.

[14] The first paragraph of Article 87 of the "Civil Procedure Law" stipulates: "With the consent of the person being served, the people's court may serve litigation documents by fax, e-mail and other methods that can confirm receipt, but judgments and rulings except for documents and mediation documents."

Statement:

This article was originally created by the lawyers of JAVY Law Firm. It only represents the author's own views and should not be regarded as a formal legal opinion or suggestion issued by JAVY Law Firm or her lawyers. If you need to reprint or quote any content in this article, please indicate the source.